{"id":6878,"date":"2013-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2013-11-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/insulation.org\/io\/articles\/an-introduction-to-insulation-finishes\/"},"modified":"2013-11-01T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2013-11-01T00:00:00","slug":"an-introduction-to-insulation-finishes","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/insulation.org\/io\/articles\/an-introduction-to-insulation-finishes\/","title":{"rendered":"An Introduction to Insulation Finishes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span style='text-transform:uppercase'><span style=\"font-size:14px;color:#800000\"><strong>Categories And Definitions of Weather<br \/>\nBarriers, Vapor Retarders, and Finishes<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>As we begin our new<br \/>\ncolumn&mdash;Insulation Finishes&mdash;we wanted to start by explaining the categories and<br \/>\nproduct<br \/>\ncharacteristics of weather barriers, vapor retarders, and finishes that we will<br \/>\nbe examining each month.<br \/>\nThis month&#8217;s column will look at Metal Rolls and Sheets.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>Most mechanical<br \/>\ninsulation systems require a covering or finish material. The primary reason is<br \/>\nto protect the insulation from damage: weather, mechanical abuse, water vapor<br \/>\ncondensation, chemical attack, and fire are all potential sources of damage.<br \/>\nAdditionally, appearance coverings are utilized to provide the desired<br \/>\naesthetics. Depending on the location and application, various terms have been<br \/>\nused to describe these functions:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><UL><\/p>\n<p Bullet align=left 'left:.5in;text-align:left'><span\n':10.0pt;:120%;font-family:Symbol;color:windowtext;\nletter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Appearance<br \/>\nCoverings<\/font><\/b> are materials<br \/>\nused over insulation systems to provide the desired color or appearance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p Bullet align=left 'left:.5in;text-align:left'><span\n':10.0pt;:120%;font-family:Symbol;color:windowtext;\nletter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Condensate<br \/>\nBarriers<\/font><\/b> (sometimes<br \/>\ncalled moisture retarders) are materials, normally used as an inner lining for<br \/>\nmetal weather barriers, which will bar the condensate that tends to form on the<br \/>\ninner surface of the metal jacket from coming into contact with the metal<br \/>\nportion of the jacket.<\/span><\/p>\n<p Bullet align=left 'left:.5in;text-align:left'><span\n':10.0pt;:120%;font-family:Symbol;color:windowtext;\nletter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Hygienic<br \/>\nCoverings<\/font><\/b> are materials<br \/>\nused to provide a smooth, cleanable surface for use in food processing,<br \/>\nbeverage, or pharmaceutical facilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p Bullet align=left 'left:.5in;text-align:left'><span\n':10.0pt;:120%;font-family:Symbol;color:windowtext;\nletter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Mechanical Abuse<br \/>\nCoverings<\/font><\/b> are materials<br \/>\nthat protect the insulation from damage by personnel, machinery, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p Bullet align=left 'left:.5in;text-align:left'><span\n':10.0pt;:120%;font-family:Symbol;color:windowtext;\nletter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Vapor Retarders<\/font><\/b> are materials that retard the passage<br \/>\nof water vapor into the insulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoListParagraph ':-.25in;:120%;\n:none;:middle'><span ':10.0pt;\n:120%;font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:-.05pt'><LI><b><font color=\"#800000\">Weather<br \/>\nBarriers<\/font><\/b> are materials that, when installed on the outer surface of thermal<br \/>\ninsulation, protect the insulation from various weather threats such as rain,<br \/>\nsnow, sleet, dew, wind, solar radiation, atmospheric contamination, and<br \/>\nmechanical damage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/UL><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>These functions are<br \/>\nperformed by a number of different materials or material systems. In many<br \/>\ncases, a single material can provide multiple functions (for example, a<br \/>\nmetallic jacketing can often serve as protection from both the weather and from<br \/>\nmechanical abuse).<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>There is some<br \/>\ninconsistency in the nomenclature used for these materials. The terms<br \/>\njacketing, lagging, and facings are sometimes used interchangeably to describe<br \/>\nthe outer covering of an insulation system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>Adding to the<br \/>\nconfusion, the term vapor retarder has evolved. Historically, the term vapor<br \/>\nbarrier was used, but this has been generally replaced with the term vapor<br \/>\nretarder in recognition of the fact that an absolute barrier to water vapor<br \/>\nflow is difficult if not impossible to achieve. There is also movement toward<br \/>\nthe use of the term vapor diffusion retarder (VDR) to generically describe<br \/>\nthese materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><span style='text-transform:uppercase'><span style=\"font-size:14px;color:#800000\"><strong>Physical<br \/>\nProperties of Weather Barriers,<br \/>\nVapor Retarders, and Finishes<\/strong><\/font><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>Depending on the<br \/>\napplication, weather barriers, vapor retarders, and finishes are subject to<br \/>\ncertain<br \/>\nrequirements that must be considered when selecting a system:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Internal Mechanical<br \/>\nForces<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>Expansion and<br \/>\ncontraction of the pipe or vessel must be considered because the resulting<br \/>\nforces are transferred to the external surface of the weather barrier. An<br \/>\nability to slide, elongate, or contract must be accommodated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">External Mechanical<br \/>\nForces<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>If a pipe,<br \/>\nvessel, or a specific area thereof is subject to mechanical abuse (e.g.<br \/>\ntools being dropped, abrasion from wind-driven sand, or personnel walking on<br \/>\nthe system) then these<br \/>\nneed to be considered in the design. This may impact the insulation type used,<br \/>\nas well as the weather barrier jacketing type.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Chemical Resistance<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'>Some industrial environments may have<br \/>\nairborne or spilled corrosive agents that\u00a0 accumulate on the weather barrier and<br \/>\ncause chemical attack of the pipe or vessel jacketing. Elements that<br \/>\ncreate corrosive issues must be well understood and accounted for. If designing<br \/>\ninsulation for a coastal facility, make sure to account for chloride attack.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%;letter-spacing:-.1pt'><font color=\"#800000\">Galvanic<br \/>\nCorrosion<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%;letter-spacing:\n-.1pt'>If a system is using one metal in contact with a different metal, there<br \/>\nis a potential for galvanic corrosion. Similarly, water can act as an<br \/>\nelectrolyte and galvanic corrosion can occur due to the different potential of<br \/>\nthe pipe and vessel, and the metal jacketing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Insulation<br \/>\nCorrosivity<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'>Some<br \/>\ninsulation materials can cause metal jacket corrosion, and other insulation<br \/>\nmaterials can chemically attack some polymer films. Both of these situations<br \/>\nshorten service life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Thermal Degradation<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'>Hot systems are typically designed so<br \/>\nthat the surface temperature of the insulation and<br \/>\njacketing material do not exceed 140\u00b0F. The long-term effect of 140\u00b0F on the<br \/>\njacketing material must be considered. Additionally, there may be solar<br \/>\nradiation load and perhaps parallel heat loss from an adjacent pipe. This is a<br \/>\ncritical design consideration, particularly if a non-metal jacket is being considered.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Installation and<br \/>\nApplication Logistics<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span ':10.0pt;:\n120%'>It is quite common for an insulation contractor to install more<br \/>\ninsulation in a day than can be protected with jacket. If it rains, the exposed<br \/>\nportion of insulation gets saturated, and the next day, the jacket is installed<br \/>\nover the wet insulation. This creates an obvious potential corrosion issue<br \/>\nbefore the installation is operational. If this occurs, it must be corrected<br \/>\nimmediately. It should also be understood that the size, shape, and adjacent<br \/>\nspace available to work may dictate the type of weather barrier specified. It<br \/>\nis possible that constraints dictate that a less-than-desirable weather barrier<br \/>\noption must be utilized. If this is the case, the maintenance schedule must recognize<br \/>\nand plan for accommodating this option.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Maintainability<\/font>&mdash;<\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'>The importance of a maintenance and<br \/>\ninspection plan in achieving the service life expected of<br \/>\nthe design cannot be overemphasized.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>The physical properties of importance to<br \/>\njacketings and facings are<br \/>\nsummarized below:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Water Vapor<br \/>\nPermeance<\/font><\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'> is defined<br \/>\nby ASTM C168 as the time rate of water vapor transmission through unit area of<br \/>\nflat material or construction induced by unit vapor pressure difference between<br \/>\n2 specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions. Water<br \/>\nvapor permeance is measured in IP system in units of perm. For facing<br \/>\nmaterials, water vapor permeance is commonly expressed in units of perms. In<br \/>\nbelow-ambient applications, it is important to minimize the rate of water vapor<br \/>\nflow to the cold surface. This is normally accomplished by using vapor<br \/>\nretarders with low permeance, insulation materials with low permeability, or<br \/>\nboth in combination. In above-ambient applications, it is often desirable to<br \/>\nhave a &#8220;breather&#8221; facing that allows water vapor to escape without condensing. In<br \/>\neither case, it is important to know the permeance of the facing materials.<br \/>\nASTM Test Method E96 is used to measure the water vapor transmission properties<br \/>\nof insulation materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Emittance<\/font><\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'> of a surface is the ratio of the<br \/>\nradiant flux emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same<br \/>\ntemperature. For personnel protection and condensation control applications, a<br \/>\nhigh emittance is desirable. For minimizing heat flow, a lower emittance<br \/>\nsurface is generally desirable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Surface Burning<br \/>\nCharacteristics<\/font><\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'> are<br \/>\ngenerally determined by ASTM Standard Test Method E84, which measures the<br \/>\nrelative burning behavior of materials by observing the horizontal flame spread<br \/>\nalong the specimen surface. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported.<br \/>\nHowever, there is not necessarily a relationship between<br \/>\nthese 2 measurements. Many other fire tests are also used to characterize these<br \/>\nmaterials. For example, textile products utilize ASTM D6413 (Standard Test<br \/>\nMethod for Flame Resistance of Textiles) and NFPA 701 (Standard Methods of Fire<br \/>\nTests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Films).<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Tensile Strength<\/font><\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'> of facings and jacketing materials<br \/>\nis a measure of the damage resistance of the facing. For facing materials,<br \/>\ntensile strength is typically measured per ASTM D828 or D882 with results<br \/>\nreported in units of lbs\/in of width. ASTM D828 is designed for paper, while<br \/>\nASTM D882 is designed for thin plastic sheeting. For woven fabrics, ASTM D5035<br \/>\nis the predominate test. Some specifications require testing in both machine<br \/>\ndirection and cross machine direction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Dimensional<br \/>\nStability<\/font><\/b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'> at<br \/>\nelevated temperatures is measured in percentages using ASTM Standard Test<br \/>\nMethod D1204. Specimens are exposed to temperatures of 150\u00b0F for 24 hours.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Fungi Resistance<\/font><\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'> of insulation facing materials is<br \/>\ntypically evaluated using <span 'letter-spacing:-.1pt'>ASTM C1338, which<br \/>\ncalls for inoculating<\/span> specimens with 5 different strains of fungi spores<br \/>\nand then incubating them at 86\u00b0F, 95% relative humidity (rh) for<br \/>\n28 days. The growth is then evaluated relative to a comparative material to assess<br \/>\nthe fungi resistance of the sample.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Thermal Integrity<\/font><\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'> of the facing materials must match<br \/>\nthe application requirement. Flexible vapor-retarder facings are generally<br \/>\nevaluated per ASTM C1263, which subjects specimens to temperature extremes of<br \/>\n-20\u00b0F to +150\u00b0F, bends the specimens around a 1 in. OD mandrel, and then<br \/>\nevaluates for any cracking or delamination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p MsoNormal ':120%;:none;:\nmiddle'><b><span ':10.0pt;:120%'><font color=\"#800000\">Bursting Strength<\/font><\/b><span\n':10.0pt;:120%'> is a measure of the force required<br \/>\nto rupture the facing in psi. It is measured in accordance with ASTM D774 (up<br \/>\nto 200 psi) or ASTM D3786 (up to 500 psi).<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Categories And Definitions of Weather Barriers, Vapor Retarders, and Finishes As we begin our new column&mdash;Insulation Finishes&mdash;we wanted to start by explaining the categories and product characteristics of weather barriers, vapor retarders, and finishes that we will be examining each month. This month&#8217;s column will look at Metal Rolls and Sheets. Most mechanical insulation systems<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":[],"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[38,298,24,301],"class_list":["post-6878","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry","category-material-selection","category-installation","category-contracting","category-design"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.0 (Yoast SEO v24.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>An Introduction to Insulation Finishes - Insulation Outlook Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/insulation.org\/io\/articles\/an-introduction-to-insulation-finishes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"An Introduction to Insulation Finishes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Categories And Definitions of Weather Barriers, Vapor Retarders, and Finishes As we begin our new column&mdash;Insulation Finishes&mdash;we wanted to start by explaining the categories and product characteristics of weather barriers, vapor retarders, and finishes that we will be examining each month. 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