The Alliance to Save Energy, a national nonprofit organization based in Washington D.C. and the<\/p>\n
U.S. Department of Energy are working with energy-efficiency suppliers to promote the<\/p>\n
comprehensive upgrade of industrial steam systems. Like EPA’s Green Lights and DOE’s Motor<\/p>\n
Challenge, the Steam Partnership program will encourage industrial energy consumers to retrofit<\/p>\n
their steam plants wherever profitable. The Alliance has organized a “Steam Team” of trade<\/p>\n
associations, consulting engineering firms, and energy-efficiency companies to help develop this<\/p>\n
public-private initiative.<\/p>\n
\nImproving the energy efficiency of industrial steam plants is a significant opportunity for U.S.<\/p>\n
industry to improve plant productivity and reduce many of the costs associated with<\/p>\n
production. The Alliance to Save Energy estimates that roughly 2.8 quads (2,800 trillion Btu)<\/p>\n
of energy could be saved through cost-effective energy-efficiency improvements in industrial<\/p>\n
steam systems. The energy savings, worth approximately $6.3 billion (1995 dollars), could<\/p>\n
be invested in new processes and equipment to improve productivity.\n<\/p>\n
Unfortunately, several factors interfere with the efficient production of steam. First, many<\/p>\n
boiler operators are not aware of steam-system efficiency opportunities and have not been<\/p>\n
properly trained to look for them. Second, industrial plant managers often fail to recognize<\/p>\n
the importance of the boiler house or appreciate steam’s role in the production process. When<\/p>\n
this happens, boiler operators and maintenance staff soon get the message: “….efficient<\/p>\n
operation of the steam system is not a priority.” <\/p>\n
Finally, operators and managers are rarely aware of steam costs. Too often steam and other<\/p>\n
utilities (e.g., compressed air and chilled water) are separated from the other factors of<\/p>\n
production — both physically and in the financial accounting system. As a result, steam costs<\/p>\n
are not assigned to individual processes or production lines. Instead, they are treated as a fixed<\/p>\n
cost and assumed to be uncontrollable. <\/p>\n
Energy-efficient steam systems, like efficient motor and lighting systems, can generate<\/p>\n
significant savings through reduced fuel consumption. Improving energy efficiency is one of<\/p>\n
the best and least capital-intensive ways of conserving energy and reducing the amount of<\/p>\n
pollution that goes up the stack. The Alliance to Save Energy has found no lack of<\/p>\n
information on specific steam technologies, however, there is little information on steam<\/p>\n
system efficiency. The Alliance, the Department of Energy, and the energy-efficiency industry<\/p>\n
are working to correct this situation through a public-private initiative focusing on steam-<\/p>\n
system efficiency.<\/p>\n
\nU.S. industry uses a lot of steam. In 1995, U.S. manufacturers consumed roughly 16.55<\/p>\n
quadrillion Btu (quads) of energy for heat, power, and electricity generation. According<\/p>\n
to the Council of Industrial Boiler Owners, approximately two thirds of all the fuel burned<\/p>\n
by these companies is consumed to raise steam, representing approximately 9.34<\/p>\n
quadrillion Btu of the 1995 energy total. <\/p>\n
The U.S. manufacturing economy depends on over 54,000 large boilers to produce steam<\/p>\n
for process use, to drive mechanical equipment (e.g., pumps and fans), and to generate<\/p>\n
electricity. It costs U.S. industry approximately $21 billion (1995 dollars) a year to feed<\/p>\n
these boilers. <\/p>\n
After the fuels are burned, emissions are released into the atmosphere that cause air<\/p>\n
pollution and global warming. Each year U.S. industry releases approximately 196 million<\/p>\n
metric tons of carbon dioxide while producing steam. These emissions represent over 40 percent of all U.S.<\/p>\n
industrial emissions of carbon dioxide and over 13 percent of total U.S. emissions.<\/p>\n
Total demand for steam is projected to increase 20 percent in five major industries by 2015 (compared to 1990 levels), with demand in food processing and<\/p>\n
chemicals being even greater. Industrial requirements for steam are increasing most rapidly in the “other” category, which includes rubber, plastics,<\/p>\n
industrial machinery, and transportation equipment (See Figure 1).<\/p>\n
The seven industries represented in DOE-Office of Industrial Technology’s Industries of the Future Program are among the most energy and waste intensive<\/p>\n
in U.S. industry. These seven industries are aluminum, metal casing, glass, steel, petroluem refining, chemicals, and forest products. When OIT examined<\/p>\n
the importance of steam in these industries, they found that on a weighted average basis, approximately 45 percent of their total energy consumption was<\/p>\n
used to raise steam. <\/p>\n
The proportion of total energy used for steam was especially high in forest products,<\/p>\n
chemicals, petroleum refining, and steel (See Figure 2). There is a high degree of overlap<\/p>\n
between DOE’s seven industries and the most steam-intensive industries, which include<\/p>\n
chemicals, pulp and paper, food and kindred products, and petroleum refining.<\/p>\n
Because steam distribution losses can have a significant impact on boiler operations, the<\/p>\n
efficiencies of boilers and their distribution systems are closely interrelated. For this<\/p>\n
reason, we have defined the energy-efficiency potential for industrial steam systems as the<\/p>\n
total of all the cost-effective efficiency opportunities in steam generation and distribution,<\/p>\n
as well as in steam-system operation and maintenance. The Alliance estimates that a total<\/p>\n
steam-system efficiency potential of 30 to 40 percent is available to industry.<\/p>\n
There is a significant range of operating efficiencies for boilers, depending on the type of<\/p>\n
fuel, the use of heat recovery equipment, and the operating load. Assuming boilers are in<\/p>\n
good repair and properly maintained, the average efficiency of boilers ranges from 76 to 81<\/p>\n
percent on natural gas, 78 to 84 percent on oil, and 81 to 85 percent on coal. These <\/p>\n
efficiency levels can be improved by 2 to 5 percent, on average, with boiler tune-ups and<\/p>\n
auxiliary equipment where economically justified. <\/p>\n
Unfortunately, many boilers are not properly operated and maintained. Without proper<\/p>\n
operation and maintenance practices, fuel-handling equipment can get worn, burners and<\/p>\n
controls can get out of adjustment, boiler water and flue gases are not properly treated, and<\/p>\n
hot condensate is not recovered. As a result of these conditions, steam-system efficiency<\/p>\n
can be significantly reduced. As a rule of thumb, if a boiler has not been maintained for<\/p>\n
two years, a 20- to 30- percent gain of efficiency is immediately possible through<\/p>\n
maintenance.<\/p>\n
Taking care of the steam-distribution system is often considered to be part of good steam-<\/p>\n
system maintenance. In terms of efficiency, the two do overlap; however, individual<\/p>\n
steam-distribution energy savings can be substantial and merit separate treatment. Steam<\/p>\n
leaks, steam traps, and insulation are a few of the most rewarding energy-efficiency<\/p>\n
opportunities. On average they can improve a steam-system’s energy efficiency from 10 to<\/p>\n
15 percent. There are many examples in industry of even greater energy savings with these<\/p>\n
technologies.\n<\/p>\n
Based on the examples above, a total steam-efficiency potential of 30 to 40 percent<\/p>\n
appears reasonable when using a systems approach. If all U.S. manufacturers improved the<\/p>\n
efficiency of their steam systems by 30 percent, they would save approximately 2.8<\/p>\n
quadrillion Btu of steam energy — enough to supply the total energy needs of Michigan for<\/p>\n
a year, generate dollar savings of $6.3 billion (1995 dollars), and reduce emissions by 60<\/p>\n
million metric tons of carbon dioxide and 30 thousand metric tons of nitrous oxide. <\/p>\n
Steam-system efficiency is a global opportunity as well, representing an energy savings<\/p>\n
potential that is five times greater than in the United States alone. Developing countries<\/p>\n
dedicate a large portion of their scarce energy resources to generate steam. Many of these<\/p>\n
countries are facing high growth rates, and it is uncertain where the energy will come from<\/p>\n
to meet future demand. If the steam-efficiency technologies described here were more<\/p>\n
widely adopted internationally, energy demand could be reduced by at least 14 quads and<\/p>\n
carbon dioxide emissions could be reduced by over 250 million metric tons.<\/p>\n
Industrial steam systems contain many cost-effective efficiency opportunities. Each<\/p>\n
opportunity, by itself, may appear small, improving energy efficiency only a few<\/p>\n
percentage points. However, the energy savings can add up quickly. Common examples<\/p>\n
of steam-system efficiency opportunities are discussed below.<\/p>\n
Boilers.<\/em><\/b> Boiler efficiency is the percentage of the fuel’s energy which is converted to<\/p>\n steam energy. Reducing waste-heat energy losses going “up the chimney” is probably the<\/p>\n greatest opportunity to improve steam-generation efficiency. Incomplete combustion and<\/p>\n heat loss from exterior boiler surfaces can also cause significant losses. Together, these<\/p>\n losses can reach 30 percent of the fuel input. The three basic strategies for minimizing<\/p>\n stack gas heat loss are the following: <\/p>\n Boiler losses can be reduced with combustion controls and waste heat recovery equipment<\/p>\n such as combustion air preheaters and economizers. The economics can be very attractive<\/p>\n with boiler efficiency increasing 1.0 percent for each 15 percent reduction in excess air,<\/p>\n 1.3 percent reduction in oxygen, or 40oF reduction of stack gas temperature.<\/p>\n Emissions Monitoring. Using emissions monitoring equipment not only helps plant<\/p>\n operators track emissions, it can also lower plant energy bills. Researchers from North<\/p>\n Carolina State University evaluated the performance of continuous emissions monitoring<\/p>\n systems on industrial-boiler efficiency. The monitoring systems reduced excess air by 30<\/p>\n percent (under low fire conditions) and 15 percent (under high fire conditions). These<\/p>\n adjustments are projected to reduce stack loss by 1.4 percent. The resulting energy savings<\/p>\n were enough to achieve a simple payback of 2.5 years.<\/p>\n There are many opportunities to improve the efficiency of both boilers and the steam-<\/p>\n distribution system through improved maintenance and operation. A few examples are<\/p>\n discussed below.<\/p>\n Water Treatment.<\/em><\/b> Water treatment is an important aspect of boiler operation which can<\/p>\n affect efficiency or result in plant damage if neglected. For instance, without proper water<\/p>\n treatment, scale can form on boiler tubes, reducing heat transfer and causing a loss of<\/p>\n boiler efficiency of as much as 10 to 12 percent. <\/p>\n Condensate Return.<\/em><\/b> Recovering hot condensate for reuse as boiler feed water is another<\/p>\n important way to improve efficiency of the system. The energy used to heat cold makeup<\/p>\n water is a major part of the heat delivered for use by the steam system, requiring an<\/p>\n additional 15 to 18 percent of boiler energy for each pound of cold makeup water.<\/p>\n Controls.<\/em><\/b> There have been great advances in boiler control technology as older pneumatic<\/p>\n and analog electronic control systems have given way to digital, computer-based<\/p>\n distributed control systems. These systems are more reliable and can extend boiler life.<\/p>\n Modern, multiple burner control, coupled with air trim control can result in fuel savings of<\/p>\n 3 to 5 percent. For example, a boiler economic load allocation system optimizes the<\/p>\n loading of multiple boilers providing steam to a common header so as to obtain the lowest<\/p>\n cost per unit of steam. Honeywell Inc.’s Industrial Automation and Control Division<\/p>\n commonly recommends this technology to help customers reduce boiler fuel consumption<\/p>\n by 1 to 3 percent and improve performance.<\/p>\n The steam-distribution system is often the most neglected part of the industrial steam<\/p>\n system; yet, steam-distribution improvements are relatively inexpensive and easy to install. <\/p>\n Total steam-distribution losses are often considerably greater than the losses associated<\/p>\n with the boiler. Whereas a well-maintained boiler can be improved 5 percent, the<\/p>\n efficiency of steam distribution can often be improved by 10 to 15 percent (sometimes<\/p>\n more). Below are a few examples of steam-efficiency opportunities in the distribution<\/p>\n system.<\/p>\n Steam Leaks.<\/em><\/b> A neglected steam-distribution system can be very costly. In such systems,<\/p>\n leaks will be found in the piping, valves, process equipment, steam traps, flanges, or other<\/p>\n connections. Fixing steam leaks is a simple, no cost\/low cost opportunity to save energy<\/p>\n and money. Steam systems can realize a 3 to 5 percent efficiency improvement when<\/p>\n steam leaks are actively identified and repaired. <\/p>\n Steam Traps.<\/em><\/b> Saving energy through a steam-trap maintenance program can seem “too<\/p>\n good to be true,” yet, the savings are often dramatic. In the absence of a maintenance<\/p>\n program, it is common to find 15 to 20 percent of a plant’s steam traps to be <\/p>\n malfunctioning. Energy efficiency gains of 10 to 15 percent are common when steam traps<\/p>\n are actively maintained.<\/p>\n Armstrong International estimates that, on average, each defective trap wastes over<\/p>\n 400,000 pounds of steam a year, worth over $2,000. These savings can add up quickly,<\/p>\n especially for plants with many traps. For instance, a typical petrochemical plant will have<\/p>\n over 5,000 steam traps, and can save hundreds of thousands of dollars in single year. <\/p>\n Savings are also significant for medium-sized plants that often have a couple thousand<\/p>\n traps, and even small plants commonly have several hundred.<\/p>\n Insulation.<\/em><\/b> A recent analysis estimated the economic conservation potential of thermal-<\/p>\n insulation related efficiency to be 5 percent or less of total industrial energy use. However,<\/p>\n plants audited under DOE’s Industrial Assessment Center program demonstrated a savings<\/p>\n potential ranging from 3 percent to as high as 13 percent of total natural gas usage on<\/p>\n average. When a Georgia-Pacific plywood plant in Madison, Ga., upgraded the<\/p>\n insulation on the steam lines to its dryers, the plant was able to <\/p>\n Although information about specific steam technologies is readily available, there is little<\/p>\n public information that addresses the benefits of approaching steam plants as a system. <\/p>\n That is why a program is needed <\/p>\n efficiency technologies<\/p>\n improve the efficiency of their steam plants.<\/p>\n<\/ol>\n The Alliance to Save Energy and the Department of Energy’s Office of Industrial<\/p>\n Technologies are developing a public-private partnership to address the efficiency needs of<\/p>\n industrial steam systems. Leading providers of energy-efficient steam products and<\/p>\n services are working with DOE and the Alliance to develop the program. As envisioned,<\/p>\n the program will have three basic components:<\/p>\n Steam Challenge<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n This program component would consist of a voluntary energy-efficiency program targeted<\/p>\n to the needs of industrial steam “systems.” Rather than promoting the energy savings of<\/p>\n any single steam-efficiency technology, this program will take a comprehensive approach<\/p>\n to promote greater awareness of energy efficiency and pollution prevention opportunities<\/p>\n throughout the steam system — from the burner to the boiler, to distribution, to the process,<\/p>\n and back to the boiler. <\/p>\n Modeled after DOE’s successful Motor Challenge Program, the Steam Partnership program<\/p>\n will invite industrial companies to take advantage of the program’s technical resources on<\/p>\n steam efficiency (see below). In addition, industrial companies will be encouraged to<\/p>\n make voluntary commitments to improve their steam plant’s efficiency wherever<\/p>\n profitable.<\/p>\n The Alliance is organizing a “Steam Team” of trade associations and companies from each<\/p>\n of the relevant steam-efficiency industries to support the steam-efficiency program. <\/p>\n Today, the Steam Team includes the North American Insulation Manufacturers<\/p>\n Association (NAIMA), the American Gas Association (AGA), the Council of Industrial<\/p>\n Boiler Owners (CIBO), Armstrong International, and Honeywell Inc. It is anticipated that<\/p>\n additional manufacturers (and associations) of other steam-related technologies, such as<\/p>\n boilers, water treatment, burners, heat exchangers, diagnostic analysis equipment, pumps,<\/p>\n and service providers, such as energy service companies and consulting engineering firms,<\/p>\n will be asked to participate. The Steam Team participants will develop a plan and<\/p>\n undertake activities to help promote the steam-system efficiency concept.<\/p>\n In addition, the Steam Team will develop educational tools and materials to help promote<\/p>\n energy-efficient steam systems, drawing from both existing information and newly<\/p>\n developed materials. The goal is to centralize steam-efficiency information that is<\/p>\n objective, technically competent, and easy to use. The Steam Team is considering a variety<\/p>\n of information tools and activities:<\/p>\n The Alliance plans to involve many organizations servicing the energy needs of industry to<\/p>\n help deliver the “steam efficiency” message. These organizations include the Association<\/p>\n of Energy Engineers, DOE’s Industrial Assessment Centers, state and local manufacturing<\/p>\n assistance centers, state energy offices, electric and gas utilities and industry trade<\/p>\n associations. Another major deliverer of the Steam Partnership Program would be the<\/p>\n marketing and sales staff of the energy-efficient product manufacturers participating in the<\/p>\n effort.<\/p>\n Centralizing public and private information on steam efficiency and developing tools to<\/p>\n match the needs of industrial end-users are important objectives of the Steam Partnership<\/p>\n program. Using both public and private resources, the partnership will be able to generate<\/p>\n greater awareness of steam efficiency and its economic, energy, and environmental<\/p>\n benefits.<\/p>\n On January 16, 1997, the Alliance to Save Energy and the Department of Energy’s Office<\/p>\n of Industrial Technologies met with representatives from ten key organizations to discuss<\/p>\n how the steam partnership program should be structured. The meeting participants<\/p>\n strongly supported the steam initiative and made the following recommendations: <\/p>\n Identify Industry’s Greatest Steam Information Needs<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n The Steam Partnership should determine what types of steam-efficiency information and<\/p>\n services would be most useful to plant operators and most likely to garner the support of<\/p>\n industrial decision makers. Over the next six months, the Alliance and DOE should work<\/p>\n closely with industrial steam users through focus groups and roundtable meetings to obtain<\/p>\n this information and draft a product development plan based on the results. <\/p>\n Centralize Steam Information<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n Many of the meeting participants have access to excellent steam information, such as case<\/p>\n studies, product descriptions, bibliographies, fact sheets, diagnostic software, product and<\/p>\n service provider lists, and educational and training materials. The Steam Partnership<\/p>\n should help make these resources available to a wider audience by developing a steam-<\/p>\n efficiency information kit and a dedicated steam-efficiency webpage. <\/p>\n Develop a Steam-Efficiency Diagnostic Tool<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n Several software tools are now available for individual steam technologies, such as steam<\/p>\n traps, insulation, and boiler controls. The Partnership should investigate linking these<\/p>\n software tools together and incorporating other steam “modules” (i.e., water treatment,<\/p>\n boiler tune-up, and common steam applications) in order to estimate comprehensive steam-<\/p>\n efficiency potential. By incorporating historical data, this steam software tool could also<\/p>\n be used to benchmark a particular steam system’s relative performance vis-\u0085-vis an<\/p>\n industry average or best practice.<\/p>\n Raise the Visibility of Utility Cost<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n In terms of cost, it is important for the Steam Partnership to raise the visibility of supplying<\/p>\n utilities to the plant. Plant managers sometimes treat energy (which ranges from 3 to 13<\/p>\n percent of production costs) as a fixed cost, when in fact it is a variable cost that is very<\/p>\n much within their control.<\/p>\n Consider Non-Energy Benefits of Efficiency<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n In addition to energy cost savings, the Steam Partnership should highlight non-energy<\/p>\n benefits, or “co-benefits.” These benefits include the environmental benefits, worker safety<\/p>\n and health, and productivity improvements associated with steam efficiency. Public<\/p>\n recognition that comes from participating in a public-private program may also prove<\/p>\n compelling to industrial decision makers.<\/p>\n Conference Sessions on Steam Efficiency<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n To further promote the “systems” approach to steam efficiency, the Steam Partnership will<\/p>\n lead sessions at the Industrial Energy Technology Conference in Houston, Texas, on April<\/p>\n 23-24, 1998.<\/p>\n U.S. Department of Energy<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n The Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) is part of the Department of Energy’s Office of<\/p>\n Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. OIT creates partnerships among industry, trade<\/p>\n groups, government agencies, and other organizations to research, develop, and deliver<\/p>\n advanced energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention technologies for<\/p>\n industrial customers. By using technology to save energy and cut waste, companies can<\/p>\n lower costs, boost productivity, and help prevent pollution.<\/p>\n It is anticipated that DOE will play a facilitating role in the Steam Partnership program by<\/p>\n contributing staff and resources to develop and distribute tools and information products. <\/p>\n DOE is interested in developing a centralized delivery system of steam-efficiency<\/p>\n information, incorporating the best resources from both the private sector and public<\/p>\n sector.<\/p>\n A program focusing on steam efficiency represents a continuation of 20 years of OIT steam<\/p>\n experience, including work with very low emission burners for boilers, industrial heat<\/p>\n pumps, process integration using pinch technology, and high-performance steam.<\/p>\n The Alliance to Save Energy<\/em><\/b><\/p>\n The Alliance to Save Energy is a national, non-profit research, education, and advocacy<\/p>\n organization located in Washington, D.C. Over the last 20 years, the Alliance has<\/p>\n developed a unique relationship with the U.S. energy-efficiency industry. The Alliance<\/p>\n works closely with the providers of energy-savings products and services to promote<\/p>\n greater investment in energy efficiency in order to achieve national environmental,<\/p>\n economic, and affordable housing goals. <\/p>\n The Alliance has started to alert energy-efficiency companies and other organizations that<\/p>\n serve the industrial sector about the Steam Partnership and has encouraged their<\/p>\n participation. Many have expressed interest and are working with the Alliance and DOE<\/p>\n to develop the program.<\/p>\n Many of the steam-efficiency equipment companies are interested in making steam-<\/p>\n efficiency resources available to their customers in the United States and internationally. <\/p>\n The Alliance is currently exploring how the steam partnership program could assist U.S.<\/p>\n efforts to expand the export of energy-efficient technologies. The Alliance’s experience<\/p>\n overseas indicates that upgrading industrial steam systems internationally is a great export<\/p>\n opportunity for U.S. energy-efficiency companies.<\/p>\n As mentioned previously, good information exists on individual steam technologies, but<\/p>\n there is little to be found on steam systems efficiency. The Alliance has collected some<\/p>\n preliminary information on steam efficiency. Below is a brief overview of information<\/p>\n resources that are currently available.<\/p>\n American Gas Association<\/em> — a variety of publications relating to natural gas technologies,<\/p>\n industrial energy use trends, equipment profiles, and AGA’s Commercial and Industrial<\/p>\n Marketing Committee.<\/p>\n Industrial Gas Technology Commercialization Center<\/em> — a variety of publications relating<\/p>\n to new natural gas technologies in the industrial sector.<\/p>\n Council of Industrial Boiler Owners<\/em> — a wide variety of publications on environmental<\/p>\n emissions, cogeneration, boiler technologies, and alternative fuels. Currently drafting an<\/p>\n energy-efficiency handbook for power plant operators. CIBO has over 65 members<\/p>\n representing 19 major industries.<\/p>\n Honeywell Inc.<\/em> — A Journal on Industrial Automation and Control, Honeywell’s Industrial<\/p>\n Energy Notes, case studies, and boiler diagnostic software. <\/p>\n DOE-OIT<\/em> — Information on low emission burners for boilers, industrial heat pumps,<\/p>\n process integration using pinch technology, and high-performance steam.<\/p>\n Armstrong International<\/em> — Three worldwide factory seminar facilities, 13 North American<\/p>\n sales representative facilities, four international sales representative facilities, eight co-<\/p>\n sponsored facilities, two mobile seminar vans, extensive library of videotapes, Armstrong<\/p>\n Preventive Maintenance software, CD-Rom, Trap Magazine, and database of steam-trap<\/p>\n performance.<\/p>\n The Steam Partnership is a unique opportunity to increase industry’s awareness of energy<\/p>\n efficiency, achieve major energy and cost savings, and improve productivity. Creating a<\/p>\n working partnership between the U.S. Department of Energy and the wide range of<\/p>\n companies servicing industrial steam systems is critical to the program’s success. The<\/p>\n three program components (Steam Challenge, Steam Team, and Steam Partners) represent<\/p>\n the core activities of the Steam Partnership program. While the program’s initial focus is<\/p>\n the U.S. industrial sector, there is interest in expanding the program to include other steam-<\/p>\n intensive sectors, such as schools, hospitals, municipal district heating systems, the Federal<\/p>\n government, and the international community.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Energy-efficient steam systems can generate significant savings through reduced fuel consumption.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":[56],"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[23,21],"class_list":["post-7488","articles","type-articles","status-publish","hentry","category-condensation-control","category-business-managment","author-ted-jones"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\n
Opportunities in Maintenance and Operation<\/h5>\n
Steam Distribution<\/h5>\n
\n
\n
Steam Partnership Program<\/h5>\n
\n
STEAM PARTNERSHIP: CURRENT STATUS<\/h5>\n
PARTNERSHIPS WITH INDUSTRY<\/h5>\n
STEAM-EFFICIENCY RESOURCES<\/h5>\n
CONCLUSION<\/h5>\n